Who Invented the Electoral College

Who invented the electoral college? The short answer is the founding fathers  (aka the framers of the Constitution.) But if credit is to be given to one person, it’s often attributed to James Wilson of Pennsylvania, who proposed the idea prior to the committee of eleven making the recommendation.   However, the framework they put into place for the election of the nation’s president is not only oddly undemocratic, but also opens the door to some quirky scenarios, such as a candidate who wins the presidency without having captured the most votes. So how exactly does the electoral college work? And what was the founder’s reasoning behind creating it? Electors, Not Voters, Pick Presidents Every four years, American citizens head to the polls to cast their vote for who they want to be President and Vice President of the United States. But they’re not voting to elect candidates directly and not every vote counts in the final tally. Instead, the votes go toward choosing electors that are part of a group called the electoral college. The number of electors in each state is proportionate to how many members of congress represent the state. For example, California has 53 representatives in the United States House of Representatives and two senators, so California has 55 electors. In total, there are 538 electors, which include three electors from the District of Columbia. It’s the electors whose vote will determine the next president. Each state establishes how their respective electors will be chosen. But generally, each party puts up a list of electors that have pledged to support the party’s chosen nominees. In some instances, the electors are legally obliged to vote for their party’s candidate. The electors are picked by the citizens through a contest called the popular vote. But for practical purposes, voters stepping into the booth shall be given a choice to cast their ballots for one of the party nominees or write in their own candidate. Voters wont know who the electors are and it wouldn’t matter either way. Forty-eight of the states award the entire slate of electors to the winner of the popular vote while the other two, Maine and Nebraska, divvy up their electors more proportionally with the loser potentially still receiving electors. In the final tally, the candidates who receive  the majority of the electors (270) will have been chosen as the next President and Vice President of the United States. In the case in which no candidates receive at least 270 electors, the decision goes to the U.S. House of representatives where a vote is held between the top three presidential candidates who received the most electors.  Ã‚   The Pitfalls of a Popular Vote Election Now wouldn’t it simply be easier (not to mention more democratic)  to go with a straightforward popular vote? Sure. But the founding fathers were fairly apprehensive about strictly letting the people make such an important decision regarding their government. For one, they saw the potential for a tyranny of the majority, wherein 51 percent of the population elected an official that 49 percent wouldn’t accept. Also keep in mind that at the time of the constitution we didn’t have a primarily two-party system the way we do now and so it can easily be assumed that citizens would likely just vote for their favored candidate of their state, hence giving entirely too much leverage to candidates from bigger states. James Madison of Virginia was particularly concerned that holding a popular vote would disadvantage southern states, which were less populated than those in the north.  Ã‚   At the convention, there were delegates were so dead set against the dangers of directly electing a president that they proposed having congress vote on it. Some even floated the idea of letting state governors vote to decide which candidates would be in charge of the executive branch. In the end, the electoral college was set up as a compromise between those who disagreed on whether the people or congress should elect the next president. A Far From Perfect Solution The somewhat convoluted nature of the electoral college can make for some tricky situations. The most notable, of course, is the possibility of a candidate losing the popular vote, but winning the election. This happened most recently in the 2016 election, when Donald Trump was elected president over Hillary Clinton, despite being bested by nearly three million votes — Clinton won 2.1% more of the popular vote. There are also a host of other very unlikely, yet still possible complications. For example, should the election end in a tie or if none of the candidates were able to garner a majority of electors, the vote gets tossed to congress, where each state gets one vote. The winner would need a majority (26 states) to assume the presidency. But should the race remain deadlocked, the senate selects a vice president to take over as acting president until the deadlock is somehow resolved. Want another one? How about the fact that in some instances electors aren’t required to vote for state winner and can defy the will of the people, a problem known colloquially as the â€Å"faithless elector.† It happened in 2000 when a Washington DC elector didn’t cast a vote in protest of the districts lack of congressional representation and also in 2004 when an elector from West Virginia pledged ahead of time to not vote for George W. Bush. But perhaps the biggest problem is that while the electoral college is considered by many to be inherently unfair and can thus lead to a number of unsatisfying scenarios, it’s unlikely that politicians will be able to do away with the system anytime soon. Doing so would most likely require amending the constitution to do away or to alter the twelfth amendment. Of course, there are other ways to get around the flaws, such as one proposal to have in which states can all collectively pass laws to hand all electors to the winner of the popular vote. While its far-fetched, crazier things have happened before.

The Financial Crisis Of Theu.s Economy - 1371 Words

Within the financial crisis of 2007, the U.S economy took a turn for the worst. The unemployment rate shot up to 10%(cbpp.org), and as a result there was less money within the economy for: goods, services, and this essay’s key topic; housing. As a result of this economic situation, there was a significant increase in the amount of houses being foreclosed upon. This was mostly caused by the owners of said houses taking out risky high interest loans, because of bad credit, while also being within financially troubled times. The risky and high interest loans caused a chain reaction that resulted in these people defaulting on their payments when â€Å"trigger events†, caused by or worsened by the financial crisis, occurred. It is now 2014, and many of the people who defaulted on their mortgage and had to foreclose are now starting to look towards the housing market again. However, they must be able to protect themselves from the problems that caused them retreat from the ho using market in the first place. Luckily for these buyers, the current real estate market is a lot more favorable than what it once was. Now, many ways exist for the Boomerang buyer to bounce back and try their hand at obtaining a house again. These ways include the new Federal Housing Administration change, the rent-to-buy house buying option, and generally being prepared. The Federal Housing Administration, â€Å"provides mortgage insurance on loans made by FHA-approved lenders throughout the United States and itsShow MoreRelatedThe Decline Of America During The United States2881 Words   |  12 Pagesat a time where the country is in an economic crisis. The United States spends more money on the military then most of the world combined, it’s no secret that the U.S is known as the world’s police. What are the consequences that will come with this, the American citizens are already feeling the effects of modern imperialism. In order to maintain the world police sta tus, the United Sates continues to make cuts toward the infrastructure and the economy. American roadways, schools, social servicesRead MoreGeneral Motors Case Study7702 Words   |  31 Pagesinstitutional | 19.85% | Mutual fund holders | 17.01% | Company profile General Motors Company (GM) designs, builds and sells cars, trucks and automobile parts worldwide. GM also provides automotive financing services through General Motors Financial Company, Inc. It operates in four automotive segments: GM North America (GMNA), GM Europe (GME), GM International Operations (GMIO) and GM South America (GMSA). GM s total worldwide vehicle sales were nine million during the year ended December

ISO 9000 International Standard Free Essays

ISO 9000 Introduction ISO ISO ( International Organization for Standardization ) is the universe ‘s largest developer and publishing house of International Standards. ISO is a web of the national criterions institutes of 159 states, one member per state, with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system. ISO is a non-governmental organisation that forms a span between the public and private sectors. We will write a custom essay sample on ISO 9000 International Standard or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the one manus, many of its member institutes are portion of the governmental construction of their states, or are mandated by their authorities. On the other manus, other members have their roots unambiguously in the private sector, holding been set up by national partnerships of industry associations. Therefore, ISO enables a consensus to be reached on solutions that meet both the demands of concern and the broader demands of society ISO ‘s beginnings In 1946, delegates from 25 states met in London and decided to make a new international organisation, of which the object would be â€Å" to ease the international coordination and fusion of industrial criterions † . The new organisation, ISO, officially began operations on 23 February 1947, in Geneva, Switzerland. ISO ‘s name Because â€Å" International Organization for Standardization † would hold different acronyms in different linguistic communications ( â€Å" IOS † in English, â€Å" OIN † in French for Organisation Internationale de standardization ) , its laminitiss decided to give it besides a short, general-purpose name. They chose â€Å" ISO † , derived from the Greek isos, intending â€Å" equal † . Whatever the state, whatever the linguistic communication, the short signifier of the organisation ‘s name is ever ISO. What â€Å" international standardisation † agencies When the big bulk of merchandises or services in a peculiar concern or industry sector conform to International Standards, a province of industry-wide standardisation exists. The economic stakeholders concerned agree on specifications and standards to be applied systematically in the categorization of stuffs, in the industry and supply of merchandises, in proving and analysis, in nomenclature and in the proviso of services. In this manner, International Standards supply a mention model, or a common technological linguistic communication, between providers and their clients. This facilitates trade and the transportation of engineering. The ISO trade name ? Democratic Every full member of ISO has the right to take portion in the development of any criterion which it Judgess to be of import to its state ‘s economic system. No affair what the size or strength of that economic system, each take parting member in ISO has one ballot. Each state is on an equal terms to act upon the way of ISO ‘s work at the strategic degree, every bit good as the proficient content of its single criterions. ? Voluntary ISO criterions are voluntary. As a non-governmental organisation, ISO has no legal authorization to implement the execution of its criterions. ISO does non modulate or pass. However, states may make up one’s mind to follow ISO criterions – chiefly those concerned with wellness, safety or the environment – as ordinances or mention to them in statute law, for which they provide the proficient footing. In add-on, although ISO criterions are voluntary, they may go a market demand, as has happened in the instance of ISO 9001 quality direction systems, or of dimensions of cargo containers and bank cards. ISO itself does non modulate or pass. ? Market-driven ISO merely develops criterions for which there is a market demand. The work is chiefly carried out by experts from the industrial, proficient and concern sectors which have asked for the criterions, and which later put them to utilize. ? Consensus ISO criterions are based on international consensus among the experts in the field. Consensus, like engineering, evolves and ISO takes account both of germinating engineering and of germinating involvements by necessitating a periodic reappraisal of its criterions at least every five old ages to make up one’s mind whether they should be maintained, updated or withdrawn. In this manner, ISO criterions retain their place as the province of the art. ? Globally relevant ISO criterions are proficient understandings which provide the model for compatible engineering worldwide. They are designed to be globally relevant – utile everyplace in the universe. ISO criterions are utile everyplace in the universe. How ISO decides to develop a criterion ISO launches the development of new criterions in response to the sectors that express a clearly established demand for them. An industry or concern sector communicates its demand for a criterion to one of ISO ‘s national members. The latter so proposes the new work point to ISO as a whole. If accepted, the work point is assigned to an bing proficient commission. Proposals may besides be made to put up proficient commissions to cover new Scopess of activity. At the terminal of 2006, there were 3 041 proficient organic structures in the ISO system, including 193 ISO proficient commissions. The focal point of the proficient commissions is specialised and specific. In add-on, ISO has three general policy development commissions that provide strategic counsel for the criterions ‘ development work on cross-sector facets. These commissions guarantee that the specific proficient work is aligned with broader market and stakeholder group Who develops ISO criterions ISO criterions are developed by proficient commissions consisting experts from the industrial, proficient and concern sectors which have asked for the criterions, and which later put them to utilize. These experts may be joined by representatives of authorities bureaus, proving research labs, consumer associations, non-governmental organisations and academic circles. The experts participate as national deputations, chosen by the ISO national member institute for the state concerned. These deputations are required to stand for non merely the positions of the organisations in which their participating experts work, but of other stakeholders excessively. Harmonizing to ISO regulations, the member institute is expected to take history of the positions of the scope of parties interested in the criterion under development. This enables them to show a amalgamate, national consensus place to the proficient commission. How ISO criterions are developed The national deputations of experts of a proficient commission meet to discourse, argument and argue until they reach consensus on a bill of exchange understanding. This is circulated as a Draft International Standard ( DIS ) to ISO ‘s rank as a whole for remark and vote. Many members have public reappraisal processs for doing draft criterions known and available to interested parties and to the general populace. The ISO members so take history of any feedback they receive in explicating their place on the bill of exchange criterion. If the vote is in favor, the papers, with eventual alterations, is circulated to the ISO members as a Final Draft International Standard ( FDIS ) . If that ballot is positive, the papers is so published as an International Standard. Every working twenty-four hours of the twelvemonth, an norm of eight ISO meetings is taking topographic point someplace in the universe. In between meetings, the experts continue the criterions ‘ development work by correspondence. Increasingly, their contacts are made by electronic agencies, some ISO proficient organic structures have already gone over wholly to working electronically, which speeds up the development of criterions, and cuts travel costs. ISO criterions: make the development, fabrication and supply of merchandises and services more efficient, safer and cleaner facilitate trade between states and do it fairer provide authoritiess with a proficient base for wellness, safety and environmental statute law, and conformance appraisal portion technological progresss and good direction pattern disseminate invention safeguard consumers, and users in general, of merchandises and services make life simpler by supplying solutions to common jobs How the ISO system is financed ISO ‘s national members pay subscriptions that meet the operational cost of ISO ‘s Central Secretariat. The subscription paid by each member is in proportion to the state ‘s Gross National Income and trade figures. Another beginning of gross is the sale of criterions. However, the operations of ISO Central Secretariat represent merely about one fifth of the cost of the system ‘s operation. The chief costs are borne by the member organic structures that manage the specific criterions development undertakings and the concern organisations that provide experts to take part in the proficient work. These organisations are, in consequence, subsidising the proficient work by paying the travel costs of the experts and leting them clip to work on their ISO assignments. The range of ISO ‘s work ISO has more than 17500 International Standards and other types of normative paperss in its current portfolio. ISO ‘s work programme ranges from criterions for traditional activities, such as agribusiness and building, through mechanical technology, fabrication and distribution, to transport, medical devices, information and communicating engineerings, and to criterions for good direction pattern and for services. Who can fall in ISO Membership of ISO is unfastened to national criterions institutes most representative of standardisation in their state ( one member in each state ) . †¢ Full members, known as member organic structures, each have one ballot, whatever the size or strength of the economic system of the state concerned. †¢ Correspondent members pay reduced rank fees. They are entitled to take part in any policy or proficient organic structure as perceivers, with no vote rights. †¢ Subscriber members besides pay reduced rank fees. They are institutes from states with really little economic systems that however wish to keep contact with international standardisation. †¢ Although persons or endeavors are non eligible for rank, both have a scope of chances for taking portion in ISO ‘s work: †¢ Persons may be selected by national member institutes to function as experts on national deputations take parting in ISO proficient commissions †¢ Persons and endeavors may supply their input during the procedure of developing a national consensus for presentation by the deputation. This may done through national mirror commissions to the corresponding ISO proficient commission †¢ International organisations and associations, both non-governmental and stand foring industry sectors, can use for affair position to a proficient commission. They do non vote, but can take part in the arguments and the development of consensus. Standards benefit ISO criterions supply technological, economic and social benefits. For concerns, the widespread acceptance of International Standards means that providers can develop and offer merchandises and services meeting specifications that have broad international credence in their sectors. Therefore, concerns utilizing International Standards can vie on many more markets around the universe. For pioneers of new engineerings, International Standards on facets like nomenclature, compatibility and safety velocity up the airing of inventions and their development into manufacturable and marketable merchandises. For clients, the world-wide compatibility of engineering which is achieved when merchandises and services are based on International Standards gives them a wide pick of offers. They besides benefit from the effects of competition among providers. For authoritiess, International Standards supply the technological and scientific bases underpinning wellness, safety and environmental statute law. For trade functionaries, International Standards make â€Å" a flat playing field † for all rivals on those markets. The being of divergent national or regional criterions can make proficient barriers to merchandise. International Standards are the proficient agencies by which political trade understandings can be put into pattern. For developing states, International Standards that represent an international consensus on the province of the art are an of import beginning of technological know-how. By specifying the features that merchandises and services will be expected to run into on export markets, International Standards give developing states a footing for doing the right determinations when puting their scarce resources and therefore avoid wasting them. For consumers, conformance of merchandises and services to International Standards provides confidence about their quality, safety and dependability. For everyone, International Standards contribute to the quality of life in general by guaranting that the conveyance, machinery and tools we use are safe. For the planet we inhabit, International Standards on air, H2O and dirt quality, on emanations of gases and radiation and environmental facets of merchandises can lend to attempts to continue the environment. ISO 9000 In 1987, the international Standard Organization ( ISO ) published its first criterion on ‘Quality system ‘ ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9002. At the same, clip the European version of choice criterion EN 2900i, EN 29002. Furthermore, EN 29003 were published and British criterion BS 5750 ( portion 1, 2, 3 ) were updated and aligned with their tantamount foreign opposite number. All three criterions are indistinguishable. They were basically fabricating criterion are shortly came to be applied to services every bit good as possible misunderstandings of merchandises, but the 1994 criterion has resolved some of those troubles by redefining the merchandises. The construction of the ISO 9000 criterion: The household of ISO 9000 criterions has been developed by ISO and it is made up of four nucleus criterions: a ) ISO 9000:2000 – Fundamentalss and Vocabulary B ) ISO 9001:2000 – Quality Management Systems – Requirements degree Celsius ) ISO 9004:2000 – Quality Management Systems – Guidelines for public presentation betterments vitamin D ) ISO 9011: 2002 – Guidelines for quality and/or environmental direction systems scrutinizing The ISO 9000 series of Standard consist of two wide classs of criterions and auxiliary counsel criterions Core criterion: are standard in meant for internal usage by organisation and provides counsel in planing and implementing a quality system so that they can run into their market demands and accomplish overall success. Component of ISO 9000: 1. Management Responsibility. Management sets the company quality policy and implements it by supplying resources, forces and preparation. 2. Quality System. A Quality System comprised of a Quality Manual and back uping processs is created and maintained. 3. Contract Review. Contracts reflect the clients ‘ demands and outlooks. Products and services provided must follow with those demands. 4. Design Control. Engineering drawings and design alterations are carefully documented to guarantee that alterations have been to the full coordinated and approved internally, and when appropriate, by the client. 5. Document Control. The creative activity and alteration of paperss back uping the Quality System is purely controlled by ISO 9001 processs. 6. Buying. Buying processs describe supplier demands and the system for guaranting conformity to these criterions. 7. Handling of Purchaser Supplied Product. Procedures detail methods of managing and guardianship of merchandise supplied by the client. 8. Merchandise Identification and Traceability. Methods of tracking day of the month and batch codifications of merchandise and natural stuffs from start to complete warrant traceability. 9. Procedure Control. Work instructions, quality programs and craft criterions verify that each occupation is being done right. 10. Inspection and Testing. Inspection and proving at having, in-process and concluding review countries ensures quality. Test and review records are preserved as portion of the quality system. 11. Inspection, Measuring and Test Equipment. Instruments and measurement tools are calibrated on a regular basis and records maintained. 12. Inspection and Test Status. Merely inspected stuffs may be used or processed farther. Inspected merchandise is ever identified. 13. Control of Nonconforming Product. Materials or merchandises that fail to run into specifications are rejected and separated from normal production. Merely the proper governments may make up one’s mind if rejected stuff will be used as is, reworked or returned to the provider. 14. Corrective Action. The disciplinary action system focuses on placing the root cause of quality concerns and any disciplinary action required. 15. Handling, Storage, Packaging and Delivery. Procedures outline patterns that protect merchandises from harm during fabrication and transportation. 16. Quality Records. Quality records provide an audit trail for internal and external hearers. 17. Internal Quality Audits. Specially trained squads verify that the Quality System is working by measuring the same 20 elements required by the external hearers, on an ongoing footing. 18. Training. Training records are maintained for every employee demoing their degrees of expertness. 19. Servicing. Where service is specified in the contract, processs are established to verify that serving meets the indicated demands. 20. Statistical Techniques. Control charts, graphs and other methods of analysis determine how good a procedure is working and facilitate uninterrupted betterment. Stairss in ISO 9000 enrollment 1. select the appropriate criterion from ISO 90001, 9002, 9003 utilizing guidelines in 9000 2. prepare quality manual to cover all component of selected theoretical account 3. Develop proper process and store floor direction which may be necessary for the execution of the quality system. 4. behavior ego audit to look into conformity of selected theoretical account 5. select the registry and use for enfranchisement and enrollment Quality certification First grade: quality manual Manual may be organized harmonizing to ISO criterion it is general in nature and centrist in length which summarizes the whole quality system in one papers. it is written in policy degree and acts as an overview in quality system. It defines the policies, aims, organisation constructions and general quality patterns of the company. Second grade: process Each process consists of the aim of the aim and description of the activity. the process describes what is to be done and by whom. And how, when, why and where the activity is to be carried out. At the process flat measure by measure direction for executing activities are non included. Third grade: direction It consists of measure by measure direction that must be followed in order to acquire the peculiar occupation done. These direct the worker in a individual activity and subsidiary papers to procedure. Such direction may be needed for specific undertakings procedures, operation, Trials and review etc. Forth grade: signifiers and records It includes files, specification, codification of patterns, checklists, proficient and legal papers and other signifier to recode informations. All certification of record which demonstrates conformity of quality system demand comes under this grade. Quality confidence theoretical accounts of ISO 9000 1. ISO 9001 theoretical account for quality confidence in design, development, production, installing and service. When conformity to specified demand is to be assured by provider during the assorted phases. It consist of 20 elements 2. ISO 9002 theoretical account for quality and confidence in production, installing and service. It is used when conformity to specified demand is to be assured by provider during the production and installing it consist of 18 elements. 3. ISO 9003 theoretical account for quality confidence in concluding review and trial. . It is used when conformity to specified demand is to be assured by provider entirely at concluding review and trial it consist of 12 elements. Advantages of ISO 9000 o entree to universe market o competitory advantage o confident of client o image of company O higher productiveness o client satisfaction o human resource development o occupation satisfaction and work engagement and high lesson The impact of just-in-time execution and ISO 9000 enfranchisement on entire quality direction In this paper, we examine the impact of just-in-time ( JIT ) execution and International Standards Organization ( ISO ) 9000 enfranchisement ( as specified by the original criterions of the early 1990s ) on quality direction attempts of fabrication houses. Reacting houses in the survey were grouped into four classs based on their ISO 9000 and JIT orientation: 1 ) houses that are ISO 9000 certified but have non implemented JIT ( ISO houses ) ; 2 ) houses that are ISO 9000 certified and have implemented JIT ( ISO-JIT houses ) ; 3 ) houses that have implemented JIT but are non ISO 9000 certified ( JIT houses ) ; and 4 ) houses that have non implemented JIT and are non ISO 9000 certified ( traditional houses ) . These groups were compared along 13 plant-level entire quality direction ( TQM ) execution elements and five TQM result steps utilizing MANCOVA process. Analysiss resulted in distinguishable sets of houses reflecting the impact of the ISO-JIT orientation on its TQM execution and TQM results. Result support the eventuality position that a house ‘s ability to implement effectual TQM patterns is enhanced: 1 ) marginally by ISO 9000 attempts ; 2 ) significantly by JIT execution ; and 3 ) most by conjoined ISO-JIT attempts ( though non much more significantly than JIT execution entirely ) . These penetrations have important practical deductions for houses puting in JIT execution, ISO 9000 enfranchisement, and TQM execution. Interestingly, our survey conducted in mid-1990s and its empirical findings lend a strong support for the recent transmutation of the original ISO 9000 demands into the current ISO 9001:2000 model. Quality vs. Certification A common unfavorable judgment of ISO 9001 is the sum of money, clip and paperwork required for enrollment. Many claim that it is merely for certification. Advocates believe that if a company has documented its quality systems, so most of the paperwork has already been completed.† Many believe that, ISO 9001 promotes specification, control, and procedures instead than understanding and betterment. Few argue that ISO 9000 is effectual as a guideline, but that advancing it as a standard â€Å" helps to misdirect companies into believing that enfranchisement means better quality, [ sabotaging ] the demand for an organisation to put its ain quality criterions. † Paraphrased, Wade ‘s statement is that trust on the specifications of ISO 9001 does non vouch a successful quality system. The criterion is seen as particularly prone to failure when a company is interested in enfranchisement before quality. Certifications are in fact frequently based on client contractual demands instead than a desire to really better quality. â€Å" If you merely want the certification on the wall, opportunities are, you will make a paper system that does n’t hold much to make with the manner you really run your concern, † said ISO ‘s Roger Frost. Certification by an independent hearer is frequently seen as the job country, and harmonizing to Barnes, â€Å" has become a vehicle to increase consulting services. † In fact, ISO itself advises that ISO 9001 can be implemented without enfranchisement, merely for the quality benefits that can be achieved. Another job reported is the competition among the legion certifying organic structures, taking to a softer attack to the defects noticed in the operation of the Quality System of a house. Abrahamson argued that stylish direction discourse such as Quality Circles tends to follow a lifecycle in the signifier of a bell curve, perchance bespeaking a direction craze. REFRENCES 1. www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue.htm 2. www.bis.org.in/cert/faqmscd.htm 3. www.bsi-emea.com/quality/overview/whatisiso9000.xalter 4. www.iso9000conference.com/ How to cite ISO 9000 International Standard, Essay examples