The institutional gaze and Disciplining Research Paper

The institutional gaze and Disciplining - Research Paper Example ern their remit and conduct, such hospitals or prisons, while others have more implicit rules, which we perceive as conventions or habits, such as theatre going or sports fandom. Most of the time people unconsciously abide by the rules set in these institutions, or willingly submit to the rules that they can clearly see, and this compliance is regarded by the majority as â€Å"normal† behaviour, while those who do not display compliance are labelled in some way â€Å"sick†, â€Å"abnormal†, â€Å"deviant† or even â€Å"criminal†. Throughout the twentieth century scholars in different disciplines began to unpick this dynamic and look for ways to explore what is going on here, why it is happening, and how these patterns are created and maintained. It was recognised by linguists that many of these issues are expressed in the way that people and organisations communicate with each other. A method called â€Å"discourse analysis† was developed in the field of linguistics which allows close examination of individual pieces of communication between people, whether in daily speech, in writing or in television programmes, instruction leaflets or any other context. This method provides â€Å"rather powerful, while subtle and precise, insights† and allows us to â€Å"witness the realization of the macrosociological patterns that characterize our society† (Van Dijk, 185, 7). In this paper we shall use a discourse analysis approach to investigate a portion of communications from the field of healthcare : the â€Å"Smoke Free† website from the UK National Health Service. In particular we shall look at how participants are recruited into this programme, how the programme sets behaviour codes, monitors the individuals, and keeps records on them. Close analysis of the actual communications will only take us so far, however, and as Van Dijk realised, there are also â€Å"macrosocial† factors to consider. One of the most influential scholars in this, as in other fields, has been Michael

Antimicrobial Resistance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Antimicrobial Resistance - Essay Example In doing so the microbes develop primary resistant to the drugs. Another cause for resistance is when the health care providers use excessive antibiotics and antimalarials that in the long run lead to drug resistance (WHO, 20ll) . The patients on the other hand have contributed to drug resistance because of failure to complete prescribed doses. Some get better and through away the drugs before they are healed. They also engage in self medication by buy drugs that are not meant to treat a certain diseases in so doing they increase drug resistance (Stephen S. Morse, 1995). The inndustries increase drug resistance through the manufacture of substandard drugs that have low potency and therefore do not cure diseases. Some industries also import counterfeit drugs that are of very low quality, while some manufacture drugs with wrong ingredients and all these result in drug resistance. To help prevent antimicrobial resistance health care providers should educate the health workers so as to curb inappropriate prescribing. Secondly, they should also train drug dispensers to require prescriptions and make refferals when necessary (Richard Smith, 2001). Third they can also improve the communication between the patients and the doctor so as to improve adherence to prescribed drugs. Lastly they can institute disease control practises such as use of mosquito nets, hand washing to reduce pathogen transmissions (CDC, 2000). CDC. (2000, January). A public health action plan to combat antimicrobial resistance. Retrieved Septemeber 22, 2011, from Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance: http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/actionplan/aractionplan.pdf Richard Smith, J. C. (2001, September). Interventions against antimicrobial resistance. Retrieved September 22, 2011, from Global Forum for Health Research: http://www.who.int/drugresistance/interventions_against_antimicrobial_resistance.pdf Stephen S. Morse, P. (1995, March).